1 Te hanganga ā-roto o te pūreretā taiaho
E whā ngā wāhanga matua o te hanganga o roto o te pūreretā taiaho, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 2-13.
Pikitia 2-13 Te hanganga ā-roto o te pūreretā taiaho
(1) Wāhanga Reera: ka tukuna he hihi reera me ngā kōrero tuhinga hei whakaatu i te pahu whakaata-ataata.
(2) Wāhanga Whāngai Pepa: whakahaere i te pepa kia tomo ki te pūreretā i te wā tika, kia puta atu ai i te pūreretā.
(3) Wāhanga Whakawhanake: Taupokina te wāhanga e kitea ana o te pahu whakaata-ataata ki te toner hei hanga i tētahi pikitia ka kitea e te kanohi tahanga, ka whakawhiti ki te mata o te pepa.
(4) Wāhanga Whakamau: Ka rewahia te toner e kapi ana i te mata o te pepa, ā, ka whakapirihia kia mau ki runga i te pepa mā te pēhanga me te whakamahana.
2 Te kaupapa mahi a te pūreretā taiaho
He taputapu whakaputa te pūreretā taiaho e whakakotahi ana i te hangarau matawai taiaho me te hangarau whakaahua hiko. He rerekē ngā mahi a ngā pūreretā taiaho nā runga i ngā tauira rerekē, engari he rite tonu te raupapa mahi me te kaupapa.
Hei tauira, hei whakamahi i ngā pūreretā taiaho HP paerewa, ko te raupapa mahi e whai ake nei.
(1) Ina tukuna e te kaiwhakamahi he whakahau tā ki te pūreretā mā te pūnaha whakahaere rorohiko, ka hurihia tuatahitia ngā mōhiohio whakairoiro hei tā ki ngā mōhiohio rua mā te taraiwa pūreretā, ā, ka tukuna ki te papa whakahaere matua.
(2) Ka whiwhi te papa whakahaere matua i ngā mōhiohio rua e tukuna ana e te taraiwa, ka whakamāramahia, ka whakatikatikahia ki te hihi laser, ā, ka whakahaere i te wāhanga laser kia tukuna te mārama e ai ki ēnei mōhiohio. I taua wā anō, ka utaina te mata o te pūhiko whakaahua-ā-ringa e te taputapu utu. Kātahi ka whakaputahia te hihi laser me ngā mōhiohio whakairoiro e te wāhanga matawai laser hei whakaatu i te pūhiko whakaahua-ā-ringa. Ka hangaia he ahua huna hiko-pūmau ki runga i te mata o te pūhiko toner i muri i te whakaaturanga.
(3) I muri i te whakapā atu o te kātere toner ki te pūnaha whakawhanake, ka kitea te ahua huna hei whakairoiro. Ina haere mā roto i te pūnaha whakawhiti, ka whakawhitia te toner ki te pepa i raro i te mahi a te papa hiko o te taputapu whakawhiti.
(4) Kia oti te whakawhiti, ka pā te pepa ki te niho kani e mimiti ana i te hiko, ka tukuna te utu i runga i te pepa ki te whenua. Hei whakamutunga, ka uru ki te pūnaha whakatika pāmahana teitei, ā, ka whakauruhia ngā whakairoiro me ngā tuhinga i hangaia e te toner ki roto i te pepa.
(5) I muri i te tānga o ngā mōhiohio whakairoiro, ka tangohia e te taputapu horoi te toner kāore i whakawhitia, ā, ka uru atu ki te huringa mahi e whai ake nei.
Me whai i ngā mahi katoa o runga ake nei e whitu ngā taahiraa: te utu, te whakaatu, te whakawhanake, te whakawhiti, te whakakore hiko, te whakatika, me te horoi.
1>. Utu
Kia mimiti ai te toner i te pahu whakaata-ataata, e ai ki ngā mōhiohio whakairoiro, me utu tuatahi te pahu whakaata-ataata.
E rua ngā tikanga utu mō ngā pūreretā kei te mākete i tēnei wā, ko tētahi ko te utu corona, ko tētahi ko te utu roera, ā, he āhuatanga anō ō rāua.
Ko te utunga korona he tikanga utu ā-kore e whakamahi ana i te papa kawe hiko o te pahu whakaata-ataata hei irahiko, ā, ka whakatakotoria he waea whakarewa tino angiangi ki te taha o te pahu whakaata-ataata pērā i te irahiko kē atu. I te wā e tārua ana, e tā ana rānei, ka tukuna he ngaohiko tino teitei ki te waea, ā, ka hangaia he papa hiko kaha e te wāhi huri noa i te waea. I raro i te mahi a te papa hiko, ka rere ngā iona he rite te polarity ki te waea korona ki te mata o te pahu whakaata-ataata. Nā te mea he nui te ātete o te kaiwhiwhi whakaahua i runga i te mata o te pahu whakaata-ataata i te pōuri, kāore te utu e rere atu, nō reira ka piki tonu te pūmanawa mata o te pahu whakaata-ataata. Ina piki te pūmanawa ki te pūmanawa whakaae teitei rawa, ka mutu te tukanga utu. Ko te ngoikoretanga o tēnei tikanga utu ko te ngāwari ki te whakaputa i te irahiko me te ozone.
Ko te tikanga utu he tikanga utu whakapā, kāore e hiahiatia he ngaohiko utu nui, ā, he pai hoki mō te taiao. Nō reira, ko te nuinga o ngā pūreretā taiaho e whakamahi ana i ngā roera utu hei utu.
Me tango te tauira o te utu o te roera utu hei mārama ki te tukanga mahi katoa o te pūreretā taiaho.
Tuatahi, ka whakaputahia e te wāhanga ara iahiko ngaohiko-tiketike te ngaohiko teitei, ka utua te mata o te pahu whakaata-ataata ki te hiko kino ōrite mā te wāhanga utu. I muri i te hurihuri tahi o te pahu whakaata-ataata me te roera utu mō te huringa kotahi, ka utua te mata katoa o te pahu whakaata-ataata ki te utu kino ōrite, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 2-14.
Pikitia 2-14 Kauwhata hoahoa o te utunga
2>. te whakaaturanga
Ka mahia te whakaaturanga huri noa i tētahi pahu whakaata-ataata, ka whakaaturia ki tētahi hihi laser. He paparanga whakaata-ataata te mata o te pahu whakaata-ataata, ka hipokina e te paparanga whakaata-ataata te mata o te ara iahiko konumohe, ā, kua whakapūmautia te ara iahiko konumohe ki te whenua.
He rauemi whakaahua-ā-ahua te paparanga whakaahua-ā-ahua, e tohuhia ana e te kawe hiko ina kitea ki te mārama, me te ārai i mua i te whakaaturanga. I mua i te whakaaturanga, ka utaina te utu ōrite e te taputapu utu, ā, ko te wāhi i whakamāramahia i muri i te whakamāramahia e te reera ka tere te huri hei kawe hiko, ka kawe hiko me te kawe hiko me te kawe hiko konumohe, nō reira ka tukuna te utu ki te whenua hei hanga i te wāhi tuhinga i runga i te pepa tā. Ko te wāhi kāore i whakamāramahia e te reera ka mau tonu te utu taketake, ka hanga he wāhi kau i runga i te pepa tā. Nā te mea kāore e kitea tēnei ahua pūāhua, ka kiia he ahua huna hiko.
Kua tāutahia hoki he pūoko tohu tukutahi ki roto i te matawai. Ko te mahi a tēnei pūoko he whakarite kia ōrite te tawhiti matawai kia taea ai e te hihi taiaho e whitia ana ki te mata o te pahu whakaata-ataata te whakatutuki i te pānga whakaahua pai rawa atu.
Ka tukuna e te rama taiaho he hihi taiaho me ngā mōhiohio āhua, ka tiaho ki runga i te porowhita whakaata maha-mata e hurihuri ana, ā, ka whakaatahia e te porowhita whakaata te hihi taiaho ki te mata o te pahu whakaata-ataata mā roto i te rōpū arotahi, ā, ka matawai whakapaetia te pahu whakaata-ataata. Ka akiakihia e te motuka matua te pahu whakaata-ataata kia hurihuri tonu kia tutuki ai te matawai poutū o te pahu whakaata-ataata e te rama whakaputa taiaho. Kei te whakaatuhia te kaupapa whakaatu i te Pikitia 2-15.
Pikitia 2-15 Kauwhata hoahoa o te whakaaturanga
3>. whanaketanga
Ko te whanaketanga ko te tukanga o te whakamahi i te kaupapa o te whakahē a te ira tangata me te kukume a te ira tangata ki ngā utu hiko hei huri i te ahua huna hiko e kore e kitea e te kanohi tahanga hei whakairoiro e kitea ana. He taputapu aukume kei waenganui o te roera aukume (e kiia ana ko te roera aukume whakawhanake, ko te roera aukume rānei hei whakarapopototanga), ā, kei roto i te toner i roto i te ipu paura ngā matū aukume ka taea te mimiti e te aukume, nō reira me kukume te toner e te aukume kei waenganui o te roera aukume whakawhanake.
Ina huri te pahu whakaata-ataata ki te tūranga e pā ana ki te roera aukume e whanake ana, ko te wāhanga o te mata o te pahu whakaata-ataata kāore i te whitia e te rēseri he rite te pōrarite ki te toner, ā, e kore e mimiti i te toner; ko te wāhanga ia e whitia ana e te rēseri he rite te pōrarite ki te toner. I te ritenga kē, e ai ki te mātāpono o te pana i te ira-tāne me te kukume i te ira-kē, ka mimitihia te toner ki te mata o te pahu whakaata-ataata kei te whitia te rēseri, kātahi ka hangaia he whakairoiro toner kitea ki te mata, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 2-16.
Pikitia 2-16 Kauwhata mātāpono whanaketanga
4>. tānga whakawhiti
Ina whakawhitia te toner ki te taha tata o te pepa tā me te pūhiko whakaahua-ā-ringa, kei muri o te pepa he taputapu whakawhiti hei tuku i te pēhanga teitei ki muri o te pepa. Nā te mea he teitei ake te ngaohiko o te taputapu whakawhiti i te ngaohiko o te rohe whakaatu o te pūhiko whakaahua-ā-ringa, ka whakawhitia ngā whakairoiro me ngā tuhinga i hangaia e te toner ki te pepa tā i raro i te mahi a te papa hiko o te taputapu utu, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 2-17. Ka puta ngā whakairoiro me ngā tuhinga ki runga i te mata o te pepa tā, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 2-18.
Pikitia 2-17 Kauwhata hoahoa o te tānga whakawhiti (1)
Pikitia 2-18 Kauwhata hoahoa o te tānga whakawhiti (2)
5>. Whakamararatia te hiko
Ina whakawhitia te ahua o te toner ki te pepa tā, ka taupokina anake te mata o te pepa e te toner, ā, ka ngawari te whakangaro i te hanganga ahua i hangaia e te toner i te wā e kawe ana i te pepa tā. Hei whakarite i te pono o te ahua o te toner i mua i te whakapiri, i muri i te whakawhiti, ka tukuna mā roto i tētahi taputapu whakakore pūmau. Ko tana mahi he whakakore i te polarity, he whakakore i ngā utu katoa, he hanga i te pepa kia noho pūmau kia taea ai e te pepa te uru pai ki te wae whakapiri, me te whakarite i te putanga o te tā. Ko te kounga o te hua, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 2-19.
Pikitia 2-19 Kauwhata kauwhata o te whakakorenga mana
6>. te whakatika
Ko te whakamahana me te whakapiripiri he tukanga pēhanga me te whakamahana ki te ahua o te toner kua piri ki te pepa tā hei rewa i te toner, ka rumakina ki roto i te pepa tā hei hanga i tētahi whakairoiro mārō ki te mata o te pepa.
Ko te kapia te wāhanga matua o te toner, ko te ira rewa o te toner he tata ki te 100°C, ā, ko te pāmahana o te roera whakamahana o te waeine whakatika he tata ki te 180°C.
I te wā o te tukanga tā, ina tae te pāmahana o te whakakā ki te pāmahana kua whakaritea mō te 180°C ina haere te pepa e mimiti ana i te toner mā roto i te āputa i waenganui i te roera whakamahana (e mōhiotia ana ko te roera o runga) me te roera rapa pēhanga (e mōhiotia ana ko te roera pēhanga raro, te roera o raro), ka oti te tukanga whakakotahi. Ka whakamahana te toner i te pāmahana teitei i hangaia, ka whakarewa i te toner ki runga i te pepa, ka hanga he ahua me he tuhinga totoka, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 2-20.
Pikitia 2-20 Te hoahoa matua o te whakapiringa
Nā te mea he paninga kore e piri ki te toner te mata o te roera whakamahana, kāore te toner e piri ki te mata o te roera whakamahana nā te pāmahana teitei. I muri i te whakapūmautanga, ka wehea te pepa tā mai i te roera whakamahana e te maikuku wehewehe, ā, ka tukuna atu i te pūreretā mā te roera whāngai pepa.
Ko te tukanga horoi he waru i te toner i runga i te pūwero whakaahua-ā-ahua kāore anō kia whakawhitia mai i te mata o te pepa ki te ipu toner para.
I te wā o te whakawhiti, kāore e taea te whakawhiti katoa i te ahua o te toner i runga i te pūhiko whakaahua-ā-ringa ki te pepa. Ki te kore e horoia, ka haria te toner e toe ana i runga i te mata o te pūhiko whakaahua-ā-ringa ki te huringa tā e whai ake nei, ka whakangaro i te ahua hou kua hangaia, ā, ka pā ki te kounga o te tānga.
Mā te waru rapa ka horoia te pahu whakaahua-ā-ahua i mua i te huringa tā o te pahu whakaahua-ā-ahua e whai ake nei. Nā te mea he ātete te mata o te waru horoi rapa ki te kakahu, ā, he ngāwari hoki, ka hangaia e te mata he koki tapahi ki te mata o te pahu whakaahua-ā-ahua. Ina huri te pahu whakaahua-ā-ahua, ka waruhia te toner i runga i te mata ki roto i te ipu toner para e te waru, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 2-21.
Pikitia 2-21 Kauwhata kauwhata o te horoinga
Te wā tuku: 20-Pepuere-2023